It appears that first "real" vise, one with adjustable locking parallel jaws, one of which slid along a slot or track to provide work-holding is considered to have been invented in England in 1750, and apparently the first cast iron vice was made in England in 1830. (Brockhouse Heuer).
The US patent office was established in 1802, with a complete makeover in 1836 when a new numbering system with new verification rules were introduced. Under the new numbering system, we have a contender for the first US vise patent; patent #127 granted to Linus Dean on Feb16 1837 for a vise with a spiral locking wheel which engages a rack to provide a locking action. Not the familiar screw type with the handle on the end, but pretty close.
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